Technology & Business

Bills of lading are traditionally paper-based documents used in international trade and shipping to establish proof of the contract of carriage, receipt of goods, and ownership of the goods being transported. While digitalization has transformed many aspects of the business world, bills of lading have remained predominantly paper-based. It is estimated that 25 billion paper...

When a system presents itself as a decentralized self-organization but is actually centrally controlled, can you tell? Think about all this in the context of artificial intelligence and that of cryptocurrencies. ‘Centralization of control’ and ‘self-organization of entropy’ are fundamentally different. Centralization of control, or usually just ‘centralization’, represents centralized control by a decision-making authority,...

Pluralism is a form of diversity, which at the application layer is not only a good virtual, but also a necessity according to Ashby’s law of cybernetics, according to which a system must have a Requisite Variety (a sufficient number of states in variations) in order to survive a varying environment.

However, the study of cybernetics also reveals another fundamental principle: for a system to support a requisite variety, it must have unity at the base that defines its core purpose and coherence.