When a system presents itself as a decentralized self-organization but is actually centrally controlled, can you tell? Think about all this in the context of artificial intelligence and that of cryptocurrencies. ‘Centralization of control’ and ‘self-organization of entropy’ are fundamentally different. Centralization of control, or usually just ‘centralization’, represents centralized control by a decision-making authority,...

Pluralism is a form of diversity, which at the application layer is not only a good virtual, but also a necessity according to Ashby’s law of cybernetics, according to which a system must have a Requisite Variety (a sufficient number of states in variations) in order to survive a varying environment.

However, the study of cybernetics also reveals another fundamental principle: for a system to support a requisite variety, it must have unity at the base that defines its core purpose and coherence.